Alternative Performance Measures (APMs)

BBVA presents its results in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (EU-IFRS). Additionally, the Group also considers that some Alternative Performance Measures (hereinafter APMs) provide useful additional financial information that should be taken into account when evaluating performance. These APMs are also used when making financial, operational and planning decisions within the Entity. The Group firmly believes that they give a true and fair view of its financial information. These APMs are generally used in the financial sector as indicators for monitoring the assets, liabilities and economic and financial situation of entities.

BBVA Group's APMs are given below. They are presented in accordance with the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) guidelines, published on October 5, 2015 (ESMA/2015/1415en). The guideline mentioned before is aimed at promoting the usefulness and transparency of APMs included in prospectuses or regulated information in order to protect investors in the European Union. In accordance with the indications given in the aforementioned guideline, BBVA Group's APMs:

• Include clear and readable definitions of the APMs.
• Disclose the reconciliations to the most directly reconcilable line item, subtotal or total presented in the financial statements of the corresponding period, separately identifying and explaining the material reconciling items.
• Are standard measures generally used in the financial industry, so their use provides comparability in the analysis of performance between issuers.
• Do not have greater preponderance than measures directly stemming from financial statements.
• Are accompanied by comparatives for previous periods.
• Are consistent over time.

Constant exchange rates

When comparing two dates or periods in this management report, the impact of changes in the exchange rates against the euro of the currencies of the countries in which BBVA operates is sometimes excluded, assuming that exchange rates remain constant. This is done for the amounts in the income statement by using the average exchange rate against the euro in the most recent period for each currency⁹ of the geographical areas in which the Group operates, and applying it to both periods; for amounts in the balance sheet and activity, the closing exchange rates in the most recent period are used.

Adjusted profit (loss) for the period (excluding non-recurring impacts)

Explanation of the formula: the adjusted profit (loss) for the period is defined as the profit (loss) for the period from the Group’s consolidated income statement, excluding those non-recurring impacts that, for management purposes, are defined at any given moment. If the described metric is presented on a date prior to the end of the year, it will be presented on an annualized basis.

Relevance of its use: this measure is commonly used, not only in the banking sector, for homogeneous comparison purposes.

Adjusted profit (loss) for the period

Adjusted net attributable profit (loss) (excluding non-recurring impacts)

Explanation of the formula: the adjusted net attributable profit (loss) is defined as the net attributable profit (loss) of the Group’s consolidated income statement excluding those non-recurring impacts that, for management purposes are defined at any given moment. If the described metric is presented on a date prior to the end of the year, it will be presented on an annualized basis.

Relevance of its use: this measure is commonly used, not only in the banking sector, for comparison purposes.

Adjusted net attributable profit (loss)

ROE

The ROE (return on equity) ratio measures the accounting return obtained on an entity's shareholders' funds plus accumulated other comprehensive income. It is calculated as follows:

Explanation of the formula: the numerator is the net attributable profit (loss) of the Group's consolidated income statement. If the metric is presented on a date before the close of the fiscal year, the numerator will be annualized.

Average shareholders' funds are the weighted moving average of the shareholders' funds at the end of each month of the period analyzed, adjusted to take into account the execution of the "dividend-option" at the closing dates on which it was agreed to deliver this type of dividend prior to the publication of the Group ́s results.

Average accumulated other comprehensive income is the moving weighted average of "Accumulated other comprehensive income", which is part of the equity on the Entity's balance sheet and is calculated in the same way as average shareholders’ funds (above).

Relevance of its use: this ratio is very commonly used not only in the banking sector but also in other sectors to measure the return obtained on shareholders' funds.

ROE

Adjusted ROE

The adjusted ROE (return on equity) ratio measures the return obtained on an entity's shareholders' funds plus accumulated other comprehensive income. It is calculated as follows:

Explanation of the formula: the numerator is the adjusted net attributable profit (loss) previously defined in these alternative performance measures. If the metric is presented on a date before the close of the fiscal year, the numerator will be annualized. The denominator items "Average shareholders' funds" and "Average accumulated other comprehensive income" are the same and they are calculated in the same way as that explained for ROE.

Relevance of its use: this ratio is very commonly used not only in the banking sector but also in other sectors to measure the return obtained on shareholders' funds.

Adjusted ROE

ROTE

The ROTE (return on tangible equity) ratio measures the accounting return on an entity's shareholders' funds, plus accumulated other comprehensive income, and excluding intangible assets. It is calculated as follows:

Explanation of the formula: the numerator "Net attributable profit (loss)" and the items in the denominator "Average intangible assets" and "Average accumulated other comprehensive income" are the same items and are calculated in the same way as explained for ROE.

Average intangible assets are the intangible assets on the Group's consolidated balance sheet, including goodwill and other intangible assets. The average balance is calculated in the same way as explained for shareholders funds in ROE.

Relevance of its use: this metric is generally used not only in the banking sector but also in other sectors to measure the return obtained on shareholders' funds, not including intangible assets.

ROTE

Adjusted ROTE

The adjusted ROTE (return on tangible equity) ratio measures the return on an entity's shareholders' funds, plus accumulated other comprehensive income, and excluding intangible assets. It is calculated as follows:

Explanation of the formula: the numerator "Adjusted net attributable profit (loss)" is the same and is calculated in the same way as explained for adjusted ROE, and the items of the denominator "Average shareholders' funds" and "Average accumulated other comprehensive income" are the same and are calculated in the same way as explained for ROE.

Average intangible assets are the intangible assets on the Group's consolidated balance sheet, which include goodwill and other intangible assets. The average balance is calculated in the same way as explained for shareholders' funds in the ROE.

Relevance of its use: this metric is generally used not only in the banking sector but also in other sectors to measure the return obtained on shareholders' funds, not including intangible assets.

Adjusted ROTE

ROA

The ROA (return on assets) ratio measures the accounting return obtained on an entity's assets. It is calculated as follows:

Explanation of the formula: the numerator is the profit (loss) for the period of the Group's consolidated income statement. If the metric is presented on a date before the close of the fiscal year, the numerator must be annualized.

Average total assets are taken from the Group’s consolidated balance sheet. The average balance is calculated as explained for average shareholders' funds in the ROE.

Relevance of its use: this ratio is generally used not only in the banking sector but also in other sectors to measure the return obtained on assets.

ROA

Adjusted ROA

The adjusted ROA (return on assets) ratio measures the return obtained on an entity's assets. It is calculated as follows:

Explanation of the formula: the numerator is the adjusted profit (loss) for the period previously defined in these alternative performance measures. If the metric is presented on a date before the close of the fiscal year, the numerator will be annualized.

Average total assets are taken from the Group's consolidated balance sheet. The average balance is calculated in the same way as explained for average equity in the ROE.

Relevance of its use: this ratio is generally used not only in the banking sector but also in other sectors to measure the return obtained on assets.

Adjusted ROA

RORWA

The RORWA (return on risk-weighted assets) ratio measures the accounting return obtained on average risk-weighted assets. It is calculated as follows:

Explanation of the formula: the numerator "Profit (loss) for the period" is the same and is calculated in the same way as explained for ROA.

Average risk-weighted assets (RWA) are the moving weighted average of the RWA at the end of each month of the period under analysis.

Relevance of its use: this ratio is generally used in the banking sector to measure the return obtained on RWA.

RORWA

Adjusted RORWA

The adjusted RORWA (return on risk-weighted assets) ratio measures the return obtained on an entity's assets. It is calculated as follows:

Explanation of the formula: the numerator "Adjusted profit (loss) for the period" is the same and is calculated in the same way as explained for adjusted ROA.

Average risk-weighted assets (RWA) are the moving weighted average of the risk-weighted assets at the end of each month of the period under analysis.

Relevance of its use: this ratio is generally used not only in the banking sector but also in other sectors to measure the return obtained on assets.

Adjusted RORWA

Earning (loss) per share

The earning (loss) per share is calculated in accordance to the criteria established in the IAS 33 “Earnings per share”.

Earnings (loss) per share

Additionally, for management purposes, earning (loss) per share is presented excluding non-recurring impacts. Specifically, during the period January-December 2022 the net impact from the purchase of offices in Spain in the second quarter of 2022 is excluded.

Adjusted earnings (loss) per share

Efficiency ratio

This measures the percentage of gross income consumed by an entity's operating expenses. It is calculated as follows:

Explanation of the formula: both "Operating expenses" and "Gross income" are taken from the Group’s consolidated income statement. Operating expenses are the sum of the administration costs (personnel expenses plus other administrative expenses) plus depreciation. Gross income is the sum of net interest income, net fees and commissions, net trading income dividend income, share of profit or loss of entities accounted for using the equity method, other operating income and expenses, and income from assets and expenses from liabilities under insurance and reinsurance contracts. For a more detailed calculation of this ratio, the graphs on "Results" section of this report should be consulted, one of them with calculations with figures at current exchange rates and another with the data at constant exchange rates.

Relevance of its use: this ratio is generally used in the banking sector. In addition, it is the metric for one of the six Strategic Priorities of the Group.

Efficiency ratio

Dividend yield

This is the remuneration given to the shareholders in the last twelve calendar months, divided by the closing price for the period. It is calculated as follows:

Explanation of the formula: the remuneration per share takes into account the gross amounts per share paid out over the last twelve months, both in cash and through the flexible remuneration system called "dividend option".

Relevance of its use: this ratio is generally used by analysts, shareholders and investors for companies that are traded on the stock market. It compares the dividend paid out by a company every year with its market price at a specific date.

Dividend yield

Book value per share

The book value per share determines the value of a company on its books for each share held. It is calculated as follows:

Explanation of the formula: the figures for both "Shareholders' funds" and "Accumulated other comprehensive income" are taken from the balance sheet. Shareholders' funds are adjusted to take into account the execution of the "dividend-option" at the closing dates on which it was agreed to deliver this type of dividend prior to the publication of the Group´s results. The denominator includes the final number of outstanding shares excluding own shares (treasury shares) and excluding the shares corresponding to share buyback programs. In addition, the denominator is also adjusted to include the capital increase resulting from the execution of the dividend options explained above. Both the numerator and the denominator take into account period-end balances.

Relevance of its use: it shows the company's book value for each share issued. It is a generally used ratio, not only in the banking sector but also in others.

Book value per share

Tangible book value per share

The tangible book value per share determines the value of the company on its books for each share held by shareholders in the event of liquidation. It is calculated as follows:

Explanation of the formula: the figures for "Shareholders' funds", "Accumulated other comprehensive income" and "Intangible assets" are all taken from the balance sheet. Shareholders' funds are adjusted to take into account the execution of the "Dividend-option" at the closing dates on which it was agreed to deliver this type of dividend prior to the publication of the Group ́s results. The denominator includes the final number of shares outstanding excluding own shares (treasury shares) and excluding the shares corresponding to share buyback programs. In addition, the denominator is also adjusted to include the result of the capital increase resulting from the execution of the dividend options explained above. Both the numerator and the denominator take into account period-end balances.

Relevance of its use: it shows the company's book value for each share issued, after deducting intangible assets. It is a generally used ratio, not only in the banking sector but also in others.

Tangible book value per share

Non-performing loan (NPL) ratio

It is the ratio between the risks classified for accounting purposes as non-performing loans and the total credit risk balance. It is calculated as follows:

Explanation of the formula: non-performing loans and the credit risk balance are gross, meaning they are not adjusted by associated accounting provisions.

Non-performing loans are calculated as the sum of “loans and advances at amortized cost” and the “contingent risk” in stage 3¹⁰ and the following counterparties:

• other financial entities
• public sector
• non-financial institutions
• households

The credit risk balance is calculated as the sum of "Loans and advances at amortized cost" and "Contingent risk" in stage 1 + stage 2 + stage 3 of the previous counterparts.

This indicator is shown, as others, at a business area level.

Relevance of its use: This is one of the main indicators used in the banking sector to monitor the current situation and changes in credit risk quality, and specifically, the relationship between risks classified in the accounts as non-performing loans and the total balance of credit risk, with respect to customers and contingent liabilities.

Non-Performing Loans (NPLs) ratio

NPL coverage ratio

This ratio reflects the degree to which the impairment of non-performing loans has been covered in the accounts via allowances. It is calculated as follows:

Explanation of the formula: It is calculated as "Provisions" from stage 1 + stage 2 + stage 3, divided by non-performing loans, formed by “credit risk” from stage 3.

This indicator is shown, as others, at a business area level.

Relevance of its use: this is one of the main indicators used in the banking sector to monitor the situation and changes in the quality of credit risk, reflecting the degree to which the impairment of non-performing loans has been covered in the accounts via value adjustments.

NPL coverage ratio

Cost of risk

This ratio indicates the current situation and changes in credit-risk quality through the annual cost in terms of impairment losses (accounting loan-loss provisions) of each unit of loans and advances to customers (gross). It is calculated as follows:

Explanation of the formula: "Loans to customers (gross)" refers to the "Loans and advances at amortized cost" portfolios with the following counterparts:

• other financial entities
• public sector
• non-financial institutions
• households, excluding central banks and other credit institutions.

Average loans to customers (gross) is calculated by using the average of the period-end balances of each month of the period analyzed plus the previous month. "Annualized loan-loss provisions" are calculated by accumulating and annualizing the loan-loss provisions of each month of the period under analysis.

Loan-loss provisions refer to the aforementioned loans and advances at amortized cost portfolios.

This indicator is shown, as others, at a business area level.

Relevance of its use: this is one of the main indicators used in the banking sector to monitor the situation and changes in the quality of credit risk through the cost over the year.

Cost of risk

⁹ With the exception of those countries whose economies have been considered hyperinflationary, for which the closing exchange rate of the most recent period will be used.

¹⁰ IFRS 9 classifies financial instruments into three stages, which depend on the evolution of their credit risk from the moment of initial recognition. The stage 1 includes operations when they are initially recognized, stage 2 comprises operations for which a significant increase in credit risk has been identified since their initial recognition and, stage 3, impaired operations.