General note: 2022 figures have been restated according to IFRS 17 - Insurance contracts.

⁽¹⁾ Included within the Other operating income and expenses of the Management Income Statements.

⁽²⁾ Depreciations included.

⁽¹⁾ Included within the Other operating income and expenses of the Management Income Statements.

⁽²⁾ Depreciations included.

Profit (loss) for the period

Explanation of the formula: the profit (loss) for the period is the profit (loss) for the period from the Group’s consolidated income statement, which comprises the profit (loss) after tax from continued operations and the profit (loss) after tax from discontinued operations which. If the described metric is presented on a date prior to the end of the year, it will be presented on an annualized basis.

Relevance of its use: this measure is commonly used, not only in the banking sectors, for homogeneous comparison purposes.

⁽¹⁾ January-December 2021 only includes the results generated by BBVA USA and the rest of the companies in the United States included in the agreement until its sale to PNC as of June 1, 2021.

Adjusted profit (loss) for the period (excluding non-recurring impacts)

Explanation of the formula: the adjusted profit (loss) for the period is defined as the profit (loss) for the period from the Group’s consolidated income statement, excluding those non-recurring impacts that, for management purposes, are defined at any given moment. If the described metric is presented on a date prior to the end of the year, it will be presented on an annualized basis.

Relevance of its use: this measure is commonly used, not only in the banking sector, for homogeneous comparison purposes.

Net attributable profit (loss)

Explanation of the formula: the net attributable profit (loss) is the net attributable profit (loss) of the Group’s consolidated income statement from continued operations and the profit (loss) after tax from discontinued operations. If the described metric is presented on a date prior to the end of the year, it will be presented on an annualized basis.

Relevance of its use: this measure is commonly used, not only in the banking sector, for homogeneous comparison purposes.

⁽¹⁾ January-December 2021 only includes the results generated by BBVA USA and the rest of the companies in the United States included in the agreement until its sale to PNC as of June 1, 2021.

Adjusted net attributable profit (loss) (excluding non-recurring impacts)

Explanation of the formula: the adjusted net attributable profit (loss) is defined as the net attributable profit (loss) of the Group’s consolidated income statement excluding those non-recurring impacts that, for management purposes are defined at any given moment. If the described metric is presented on a date prior to the end of the year, it will be presented on an annualized basis.

Relevance of its use: this measure is commonly used, not only in the banking sector, for comparison purposes.

Explanation of the formula: the numerator is the net attributable profit (loss) of the Group's consolidated income statement. If the metric is presented on a date before the close of the fiscal year, the numerator will be annualized.

Average shareholders' funds are the weighted moving average of the shareholders' funds at the end of each month of the period analyzed, adjusted to take into account the execution of the "dividend-option" at the closing dates on which it was agreed to deliver this type of dividend prior to the publication of the Group´s results.

Average accumulated other comprehensive income is the moving weighted average of "Accumulated other comprehensive income", which is part of the equity on the Entity's balance sheet and is calculated in the same way as average shareholders’ funds (above).

Relevance of its use: this ratio is very commonly used not only in the banking sector but also in other sectors to measure the return obtained on shareholders' funds.

Explanation of the formula: the numerator is the adjusted net attributable profit (loss) previously defined in these alternative performance measures. If the metric is presented on a date before the close of the fiscal year, the numerator will be annualized. The denominator items "Average shareholders' funds" and "Average accumulated other comprehensive income" are the same and they are calculated in the same way as that explained for ROE.

Relevance of its use: this ratio is very commonly used not only in the banking sector but also in other sectors to measure the return obtained on shareholders' funds.

Explanation of the formula: the numerator "Net attributable profit (loss)" and the items in the denominator "Average intangible assets" and "Average accumulated other comprehensive income" are the same items and are calculated in the same way as explained for ROE.

Average intangible assets are the intangible assets on the Group's consolidated balance sheet, including goodwill and other intangible assets. The average balance is calculated in the same way as explained for shareholders funds in ROE.

Relevance of its use: this metric is generally used not only in the banking sector but also in other sectors to measure the return obtained on shareholders' funds, not including intangible assets.

Explanation of the formula: the numerator "Adjusted net attributable profit (loss)" is the same and is calculated in the same way as explained for adjusted ROE, and the items of the denominator "Average shareholders' funds" and " Average accumulated other comprehensive income" are the same and are calculated in the same way as explained for ROE.

Average intangible assets are the intangible assets on the Group's consolidated balance sheet, which include goodwill and other intangible assets. The average balance is calculated in the same way as explained for shareholders' funds in the ROE.

Relevance of its use: this metric is generally used not only in the banking sector but also in other sectors to measure the return obtained on shareholders' funds, not including intangible assets.

Explanation of the formula: the numerator is the profit (loss) for the period of the Group's consolidated income statement. If the metric is presented on a date before the close of the fiscal year, the numerator must be annualized.

Average total assets are taken from the Group’s consolidated balance sheet. The average balance is calculated as explained for average shareholders' funds in the ROE.

Relevance of its use: this ratio is generally used not only in the banking sector but also in other sectors to measure the return obtained on assets.

Explanation of the formula: the numerator is the adjusted profit (loss) for the period previously defined in these alternative performance measures. If the metric is presented on a date before the close of the fiscal year, the numerator will be annualized.

Average total assets are taken from the Group's consolidated balance sheet. The average balance is calculated in the same way as explained for average equity in the ROE.

Relevance of its use: this ratio is generally used not only in the banking sector but also in other sectors to measure the return obtained on assets.

Explanation of the formula: the numerator "Profit (loss) for the period" is the same and is calculated in the same way as explained for ROA.

Average risk-weighted assets (RWA) are the moving weighted average of the RWA at the end of each month of the period under analysis.

Relevance of its use: this ratio is generally used in the banking sector to measure the return obtained on RWA.

Explanation of the formula: the numerator "Adjusted profit (loss) for the period" is the same and is calculated in the same way as explained for adjusted ROA.

Average risk-weighted assets (RWA) are the moving weighted average of the risk-weighted assets at the end of each month of the period under analysis.

Relevance of its use: this ratio is generally used not only in the banking sector but also in other sectors to measure the return obtained on assets.

Earning (loss) per share

The earning (loss) per share is calculated in accordance to the criteria established in the IAS 33 “Earnings per share”.

⁽¹⁾ In 2023 the average number of shares is included taking into account the two redemptions made corresponding to the programs announced in that year. In 2022 the average number of shares is included, taking into account the two redemptions made corresponding to the program announced in 2021. In 2021 112 millons of shares acquired under the shares buyback program and the estimated number of shares pending to be acquired under the first tranche as of December 31, 2021 are included.

Additionally, for management purposes, earning (loss) per share is presented excluding the following non-recurring impacts: (I) the net cost related to the restructuring process recorded on the second quarter of 2021; and (II) the net impact from the purchase of offices in Spain in the second quarter of 2022.

Explanation of the formula: both "Operating expenses" and "Gross income" are taken from the Group’s consolidated income statement. Operating expenses are the sum of the administration costs (personnel expenses plus other administrative expenses) plus depreciation. Gross income is the sum of net interest income, net fees and commissions, net trading income dividend income, share of profit or loss of entities accounted for using the equity method, other operating income and expenses, and income from assets and expenses from liabilities under insurance and reinsurance contracts. For a more detailed calculation of this ratio, the graphs on "Results" section of this report should be consulted, one of them with calculations with figures at current exchange rates and another with the data at constant exchange rates.

Relevance of its use: this ratio is generally used in the banking sector. In addition, it is the metric for one of the six Strategic Priorities of the Group.

Explanation of the formula: the remuneration per share takes into account the gross amounts per share paid out over the last twelve months, both in cash and through the flexible remuneration system called "dividend option".

Relevance of its use: this ratio is generally used by analysts, shareholders and investors for companies that are traded on the stock market. It compares the dividend paid out by a company every year with its market price at a specific date.

Explanation of the formula: the figures for both "Shareholders' funds" and "Accumulated other comprehensive income" are taken from the balance sheet. Shareholders' funds are adjusted to take into account the execution of the "dividend-option" at the closing dates on which it was agreed to deliver this type of dividend prior to the publication of the Group´s results. The denominator includes the final number of outstanding shares excluding own shares (treasury shares) and excluding the shares corresponding to share buyback programs. In addition, the denominator is also adjusted to include the capital increase resulting from the execution of the dividend options explained above. Both the numerator and the denominator take into account period-end balances.

Relevance of its use: it shows the company's book value for each share issued. It is a generally used ratio, not only in the banking sector but also in others.

⁽¹⁾ The redemption of 128 millions of shares corresponding to the share buyback program approved by the BBVA Board of Directors in July 2023 , whose execution started on October 2, 2023, was made on December 19, 2023. As of 31-12-21, 112 million shares acquired from the start of the share buyback program to the end of the period and the estimated number of shares pending from buyback as of December 31, 2021 of the first tranche, in process at the end of that date, were included.

Tangible book value per share

The tangible book value per share determines the value of the company on its books for each share held by shareholders in the event of liquidation. It is calculated as follows:

Explanation of the formula: the figures for "Shareholders' funds", "Accumulated other comprehensive income" and "Intangible assets" are all taken from the balance sheet. Shareholders' funds are adjusted to take into account the execution of the "Dividend-option" at the closing dates on which it was agreed to deliver this type of dividend prior to the publication of the Group´s results. The denominator includes the final number of shares outstanding excluding own shares (treasury shares) and excluding the shares corresponding to share buyback programs which are deducted from the shareholders' funds. In addition, the denominator is also adjusted to include the result of the capital increase resulting from the execution of the dividend options explained above. Both the numerator and the denominator take into account period-end balances.

Relevance of its use: it shows the company's book value for each share issued, after deducting intangible assets. It is a generally used ratio, not only in the banking sector but also in others.

^⁽¹⁾ The redemption of 128 millions of shares corresponding to the share buyback program approved by the BBVA Board of Directors in July 2023 , whose execution started on October 2, 2023, was made on December 19, 2023. As of 31-12-21, 112 million shares acquired from the start of the share buyback program to the end of the period and the estimated number of shares pending from buyback as of December 31, 2021 of the first tranche, in process at the end of that date, were included.

Non-performing loan (NPL) ratio

It is the ratio between the risks classified for accounting purposes as non-performing loans and the total credit risk balance. It is calculated as follows:

Explanation of the formula: non-performing loans and the credit risk balance are gross, meaning they are not adjusted by associated accounting provisions.

Non-performing loans are calculated as the sum of “loans and advances at amortized cost” and the “contingent risk” in stage 3¹³ and the following counterparties:

1. other financial entities
2. public sector
3. non-financial institutions
4. households.

The credit risk balance is calculated as the sum of "Loans and advances at amortized cost" and "Contingent risk" in stage 1 + stage 2 + stage 3 of the previous counterparts.

This indicator is shown, as others, at a business area level.

Relevance of its use: this is one of the main indicators used in the banking sector to monitor the current situation and changes in credit risk quality, and specifically, the relationship between risks classified in the accounts as non-performing loans and the total balance of credit risk, with respect to customers and contingent liabilities.

General note: credit risk figures for 2022 periods have been restated according to IFRS 17 - Insurance contracts.

NPL coverage ratio

This ratio reflects the degree to which the impairment of non-performing loans has been covered in the accounts via allowances. It is calculated as follows:

Explanation of the formula: it is calculated as "Provisions" from stage 1 + stage 2 + stage 3, divided by non-performing loans, formed by “credit risk” from stage 3.

This indicator is shown, as others, at a business area level.

Relevance of its use: this is one of the main indicators used in the banking sector to monitor the situation and changes in the quality of credit risk, reflecting the degree to which the impairment of non-performing loans has been covered in the accounts via value adjustments.

Cost of risk

This ratio indicates the current situation and changes in credit-risk quality through the annual cost in terms of impairment losses (accounting loan-loss provisions) of each unit of loans and advances to customers (gross). It is calculated as follows:

Explanation of the formula: "Loans to customers (gross)" refers to the "Loans and advances at amortized cost" portfolios with the following counterparts:

1. other financial entities
2. public sector
3. non-financial institutions
4. households, excluding central banks and other credit institutions.

Average loans to customers (gross) is calculated by using the average of the period-end balances of each month of the period analyzed plus the previous month. If the metric is presented on a date before the close of the fiscal year, the numerator will be annualized. By doing this, "Annualized loan-loss provisions" are calculated by accumulating and annualizing the loan-loss provisions of each month of the period under analysis (based on days passed).

Loan-loss provisions refer to the aforementioned loans and advances at amortized cost portfolios.

This indicator is shown, as others, at a business area level.

Relevance of its use: this is one of the main indicators used in the banking sector to monitor the situation and changes in the quality of credit risk through the cost over the year.

General note: average loans to customers (gross) figures for 2022 periods have been restated according to IFRS 17 - Insurance contracts.

¹² 12 With the exception of those countries whose economies have been considered hyperinflationary, for which the closing exchange rate of the most recent period will be used.

¹³ IFRS 9 classifies financial instruments into three stages, which depend on the evolution of their credit risk from the moment of initial recognition. The stage 1 includes operations when they are initially recognized, stage 2 comprises operations for which a significant increase in credit risk has been identified since their initial recognition and, stage 3, impaired operations.